Cephalometric Landmarks

1. J. Caple, C.N. Stephan, A standardized nomenclature for craniofacial and facial anthropometry, International Journal of Legal Medicine 130(3) (2016) 863-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1292-1

2. T.W.P.T. Hona, C.N. Stephan, Cephalometric landmark standards and recent trends in craniofacial identification (2018-22): Avoiding imposters by describing variant landmarks as supplemental, Forensic Imaging 31(200525) (2022) 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fri.2022.200525


Global Facial Soft Tissue Thicknesses (FSTT)

1. T.W.P.T. Hona, C.N. Stephan, Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for raniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker’s first study, International Journal of Legal Medicine 138 (2024) 519-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-023-03087-x

2. C.N. Stephan, 2018 Tallied facial soft tissue thicknesses: adult and sub-adult data, Forensic Science International 280 (2017) 113-123.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.016

3. C.N. Stephan, The Application of the Central Limit Theorem and the Law of Large Numbers to Facial Soft Tissue Depths: T-Table Robustness and Trends since 2008, Journal of Forensic Sciences 59(2) (2014) 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12328

4. C.N. Stephan, E.K. Simpson, Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (Part II): An analytical review of the published sub-adult data, Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(6) (2008) 1273-1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00853.x

5. C.N. Stephan, E.K. Simpson, Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (Part I): An analytical review of the published adult data, Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(6) (2008) 1257-1272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x


Measurement Error of FSTT

1. C.N. Stephan, B. Meikle, N. Freudenstein, R. Taylor, P. Claes, Facial soft tissue thicknesses in craniofacial identification: Data collection protocols and associated measurement errors, Forensic Science International 304 (2019) 109965.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109965

2. C.N. Stephan, L. Munn, J. Caple, Facial soft tissue thicknesses: Noise, signal, and P, Forensic Science International 257 (2015) 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.051


FSTT Shorth, Standards, Craniometric Regressions & Miscellaneous

1. T.W.P.T. Hona, C.N. Stephan, Correlations of facial soft tissue thicknesses with craniometric dimensions improve craniofacial identification estimates: fact or fiction?, Journal of Forensic Sciences 70(2) (2025) 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15694

2. C.N. Stephan, Accuracies of facial soft tissue depth means for estimating ground truth skin surfaces in forensic craniofacial identification, International Journal of Legal Medicine 129 (2015) 877-888.
<br>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00414-014-1113-y

3. C.N. Stephan, R.M. Norris, M. Henneberg, Does sexual dimorphism in facial soft tissue depths justify sex distinction in craniofacial identification?, Journal of Forensic Sciences 50(3) (2005) 513-518. https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004251

4. C.N. Stephan, E.K. Simpson, J.E. Byrd, Facial soft tissue depth statistics and enhanced point estimators for craniofacial identification: the debut of the shorth and the 75-shormax, Journal of Forensic Sciences 58(6) (2013) 1439-1457. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1556-4029.12252

5. C.N. Stephan, P. Guyomarc'h, Facial soft tissue depth measurement: validation of the 75-Shormax, Journal of Forensic Sciences 61(5) (2016) 1327-1330. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1556-4029.13172

6. C.N. Stephan, TDStats—A fast standardized capability for facial soft tissue thickness analysis in R, Forensic Science International 289 (2018) 304-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.039

7. C.N. Stephan, R. Priesler, O. Bulut, M.B. Bennett, Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 161 (2016) 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23029

Craniofacial Superimposition

Photographics & Perspective Mapping

1. C.N. Stephan, Perspective distortion in craniofacial superimposition: Logarithmic decay curves mapped mathematically and by practical experiment, Forensic Science International 257 (2015) 520.e1-520.e8. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.009 

2. S.S. Healy, C.N. Stephan, The critical photographic variables contributing to skull-face superimposition methods to assist forensic identification of skeletons: A review Journal of Imaging 10(1) (2024) 17.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010017


Focus Distance Estimation via PerspectiveX

1. C.N. Stephan, Estimating the Skull-to-Camera Distance from Facial Photographs for Craniofacial Superimposition, Journal of Forensic Sciences 62(4) (2017) 850-860. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13353

2. C.N. Stephan, S. Healy, H. Bultitude, C. Glen, Craniofacial superimposition: a review of focus distance estimation methods and an extension to profile view photographs, International Journal of Legal Medicine 136 (2022) 1697-1716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02871-5

PerspectiveX Validation

1. C.N. Stephan, B. Armstrong, Scientific estimation of the subject-to-camera distance from facial photographs for craniofacial superimposition, Forensic Science International: Reports 4 (2021) 100238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100238

2. S.S. Healy, C.N. Stephan, Focus distance estimation from photographed faces: A test of PerspectiveX using 1,709 frontal and profile photographs from DSLR and smartphone cameras, International Journal of Legal Medicine 137 (2023) 1907-1920.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-023-03078-y


Skull/Face Registration

1. S.S. Healy, C.N. Stephan, Perspective Distortion Tolerances and Skull-Face Registration in Craniofacial Superimposition: An Analytical Review, International Journal of Legal Medicine 137 (2023) 1767-1776.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-023-03081-3


Facial Approximation

1. C.N. Stephan, M. Henneberg, Building faces from dry skulls: Are they recognized above chance rates?, Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3) (2001) 432-440.
https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs14993j

2. C.N. Stephan, Facial Approximation-From Facial Reconstruction Synonym to Face Prediction Paradigm, Journal of Forensic Sciences 60(3) (2015) 566-571.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12732

3. C.N. Stephan, R.S. Arthur, Assessing facial approximation accuracy: How do resemblance ratings of disparate faces compare to recognition tests?, Forensic Science International 159(1) (2006) S159-S163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.026

4. C.N. Stephan, J. Cicolini, Measuring the accuracy of facial approximations: A comparative study of resemblance rating and face array methods, Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(1) (2008) 58-64.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00622.x

5. C.N. Stephan, M. Henneberg, Recognition by forensic facial approximation: Case specific examples and empirical tests, Forensic Science International 156(2-3) (2006) 182-191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.020

Facial Feature Relationships

Face Change with Posture 

1. L. Munn, C.N. Stephan, Changes in face topography from supine-to-upright position—And soft tissue correction values for craniofacial identification, Forensic Science International 289 (2018) 40-50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016


Eye

1. C.N. Stephan, Facial approximation: falsification of globe projection guideline by exophthalmometry literature, Journal of Forensic Sciences 47(4) (2002) 1-6.

2. C.N. Stephan, P.L. Davidson, The placement of the human eyeball and canthi in craniofacial identification, Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(3) (2008) 612-619.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00718.x

3. C.N. Stephan, A.J.R. Huang, P.L. Davidson, Further evidence on the anatomical placement of the human eyeball for facial approximation and craniofacial superimposition, Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(2) (2009) 267-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00982.x

4. C.N. Stephan, Position of superciliare in relation to the lateral iris: testing a suggested facial approximation guideline, Forensic Science International 130 (2002) 29-33.


Ear

1. P. Guyomarc'h, C.N. Stephan, The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation, Journal of Forensic Sciences 57(6) (2012) 1427-1441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02181.x


Mouth

1. C.N. Stephan, Facial approximation: An evaluation of mouth-width determination, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121(1) (2003) 48-57.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10166

2. C.N. Stephan, M. Henneberg, Predicting mouth width from inter-canine width - A 75% rule, Journal of Forensic Sciences 48(4) (2003) 725-727.
https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs2002418

3. C.N. Stephan, S.J. Murphy, Mouth width prediction in craniofacial identification: Cadaver tests of four recent methods, including two techniques for edentulous skulls, Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology 26(1) (2008) 2-7.


Nose

1. C.N. Stephan, M. Henneberg, W. Sampson, Predicting Nose Projection and Pronasale Position in Facial Approximation: A Test of Published Methods and Proposal of New Guidelines, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 122(3) (2003) 240-250.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10300


Skull and Face Averaging

1. J. Caple, C.N. Stephan, Photo-Realistic Statistical Skull Morphotypes: New Exemplars for Ancestry and Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology, Journal of Forensic Sciences 62(3) (2017) 562-572.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13314

2. C.N. Stephan, I. Penton-Voak, D. Perrett, B. Tiddeman, J.G. Clement, M. Henneberg, Two-dimensional computer generated average human face morphology and facial approximation, in: J.G. Clement, M. Marks (Eds.), Computer Graphic Facial Reconstruction, Academic Press, Boston, MA, 2005, pp. 105-127.

3. C.N. Stephan, I.S. Penton-Voak, J.G. Clement, M. Henneberg, Ceiling recognition limits of two-dimensional facial approximations constructed using averages, in: J.G. Clement, M. Marks (Eds.), Computer Graphic Facial Reconstruction, Academic Press, Boston, MA, 2005, pp. 199-219.